International Journal of Politics & Social Sciences Review (IJPSSR)

Practice – based - Pedagogies to Magnify Early Career Special Education Teachers for Teaching English as Second Language to Pupils with Hearing Impairment in Classroom Context: A Survey Study of the Punjab, Pakistan

Dr. Muhammad Nazir — 2024-10-14

Pupils with hearing impairment find it difficult to learn like their hearing peers, so they need specific strategies for learning. During this study, it was aimed to find out evidence-based pedagogies for teaching English as second language to pupils with loss of hearing at elementary level in Punjab, Pakistan. This research was primarily a descriptive study in its nature. Research population was included the special education teachers teaching presently children with loss of hearing in the special education department of the Punjab. Sample of study comprised of randomly chosen sixty special education teachers. Data was collected through a self-developed questionnaire based on five Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics helped the researcher to interpret the results. It was revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the practice-based-pedagogies used by special education teachers for teaching English as second language to pupils with loss of hearing at elementary level in Punjab, Pakistan on the basis of gender, designation, qualification, experience and locality. The researchers recommended that new strategies and methods need to be designed for teaching English as second language to pupils with loss of hearing at elementary level in Punjab, Pakistan involving modern technological tools and language based needs of the students.

Pedagogical Techniques Employed by the Teachers for Oral Communication Skills in Government High/Higher Secondary Schools of Sharq Pur Shareef

Saira Azeem — 2024-10-15

This study explores the pedagogical techniques employed by 8th-grade teachers in government higher secondary schools of Sharqpur Sharif for teaching oral communication skills, as outlined by the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (PCTB). The aim is to enhance teacher’s understanding and improve student performance. Employing qualitative research methods, this study utilized purposive sampling to select 10 teachers from the targeted schools. Data were collected through structured interviews, developed post-literature review and validated by three experts, then modified according to their feedback. The analysis of interview data highlighted a significant gap between student’s understanding and the implementation of techniques by teachers during lectures. Themes indicating the necessity for increased teacher awareness of effective teaching practices emerged from the data. The study concludes with recommendations for the introduction of innovative teaching methods in teacher training and professional development programs, advocating for these enhancements to be mandatory for all educators.

Influential Factors in Successful Run Chases in T20 International Cricket: A Statistical and Predictive Analysis

Syed Asghar Ali Shah — 2024-10-15

This study investigates the factors influencing successful run chases in T20 International cricket using data from 458 limited-overs matches. Variables such as innings scores, toss outcomes, and venue characteristics were analysed. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between first-innings scores and match outcomes, while the Shapiro-Wilk normality test indicated that second-innings scores deviate from normality, impacts model selection. Logistic regression identified batting order and match conditions as key predictors of run chasing success. The model demonstrated stability, evidenced by low variance inflation factors, and achieved high predictive accuracy validated by metrics including the area under the curve (AUC), precision, and F1 score. Findings indicate that a stable top order, favourable match conditions, and winning the toss significantly enhance the likelihood of successful chases. Additionally, strong middle orders and adaptive strategies contribute to overcoming high first-innings scores. Future research should focus on machine learning applications to explore complex variable interactions and the influence of psychological factors on run chases.

Sources, Nature and Narrative of Pashtun Public History: Historiographic Freedom and Responsibility

Danyal Masood — 2024-10-15

This article is an experiment with micro perspective about understanding of Pashtun public history in the presence of historiographic freedom and responsibility through applied history. The implication of historical theory in contemporary culture of concepts after cultural turn has deeply affected the climate of modernist historiography which demands objectivity in building meanings and rethinking memories.

The question of modernist objective historical methodology perplexed the results in terms of interpretations and selection of sources. This analysis explored cultural subjectivity in the domain of public discourse through application and re-enactment of Pashtun public historiography as fundamental fabric of understanding. This paper is a minimal piece for understanding which can address issues and challenges in the practices of Pashtun public history in the presence of traditional objectivist historiography. Through the application of public perspective in historical studies can make knowledge of the past more relevant to the challenges we face today.

Why BIM not standardized by LDA, for Submission documentation? A review

Sarmad Salahuddin — 2024-10-16

Though the technology of Building Information Modeling has, through the holistic method of generating and handling all the information required for any project to be built, transformed the building codes and practices worldwide, such has not been the case of Pakistan. This paper focuses specifically on the reasons why the Lahore Development Authority (LDA) has despite the various advantages and accuracy to be had with BIM, not yet standardized it to be used for the documentation of submissions and other processes. This research highlights the main reasons behind the delay in the implementation of BIM technology by LDA, which includes the limited training and teaching, high costs in implementing the BIM technology as well as the lack of digital infrastructure to aid the professionals and the government staff. Furthermore, the lack of legislative ruling and the necessity of updating the building regulations and codes also make the BIM standardization procedure challenging. Another important issue that impedes the adoption of this technology is unprofessionalism and immaturity of the local market which in turn makes the streamlining of the processes of drawing submission and data management.
The present research emphasizes the importance of developing benchmarks for institutional support, pilot projects, and policy changes that may lead to a sustainable environment for architecture and regulation in Lahore. In order to gain a deeper insight, this study will draw a comparative analysis of the Lahore Development Authority and the Singapore Construction Authority in the context of administrative structure, performance and methodologies of both bodies to achieve sustainability in the build infrastructure while also looking at the minimum amount of red tape-ism.

Role of Institutions in Startup Financing: An Institutional Theory Approach

Dr. Marium Saleem — 2024-10-16

It has been established by many researchers that entrepreneurs do not create opportunities in isolation; rather, every activity related to the entrepreneurial process is affected by an interconnected network of economic and cultural forces. Hence, the entrepreneurial activity of reaching out to potential sources of external financing is also affected by an interconnected network of various forces. These forces include different actors such as the entrepreneurs, investors as well as the institutions. To understand this interconnected network of forces affecting the startup financing, it is critical to understand this phenomenon from the viewpoint of people who experience it first-hand i.e. entrepreneurs/founders of startups. Hence, this study utilized the institutional theory’s framework to understand different forces/actors/institutions in startup’s surroundings that affect the process of startup financing. A total of 20 semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted from startup founders in Peshawar region, which were analysed using a series of steps suggested by Creswell (2009) and Miles and Huberman (1994). In accordance with the institutional theory presented by Scott (2014), all the institutional forces identified by startups’ founders were categorized into three categories i.e. institutional forces, normative forces, and cultural-cognitive forces. All the institutions under these three categories either create opportunities or challenges for the startups in accessing the external sources of financing. The startups can utilize this research to understand the kind of institutions operating in their surroundings and their potential effect on the financing process to avoid any obstacles or inconveniences while seeking external financing.

Implementing Blockchain Technology for Enhanced Security in Voting Systems

Jamshaid Iqbal Janjua — 2024-10-16

In response to the growing demand for more secure, transparent, and trustworthy voting systems, this study explores the application of blockchain technology as a transformative solution. The research delves into an extensive analysis of existing literature, case studies, and real-world implementations to highlight the significant advantages that blockchain offers for voting systems, including immutability, decentralization, and enhanced security. Moreover, a comprehensive approach is presented in responding to additional aspects of such systems as the ability to scale, the rule of anonymity and other regulation-related issues. Another novel aspect of this legislation includes a technique that aims to solve major challenges related to the issues of voters’ anonymity, data theft, and multiple voting. Our results demonstrate, however, that the true revolutionizing ability of blockchain in the electoral process is not in question but calls for various resources- technological, legal, and human-to enhance its implementation. This paper advances the debate on ways of updating the voting processes and sets a direction on what more needs to be done in terms of the research and technological development.

A Study to Investigate the Perceptions of Students Regarding Teacher Absenteeism at Secondary Level

Ume Farwa — 2024-10-18

In the last few decades, developing nations have made so many efforts to put their children in schools. Having a basic education is known as the primary pillar to promote economic growth and raise living standards. However, a number of factors have contributed to the stagnation of educational achievement, one of which is teacher absenteeism. This study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of students regarding teacher absenteeism at secondary level. It may be helpful to understand the effects of teacher absenteeism on students’ achievement. Survey research method was used in this study. A self-developed close-ended questionnaire was used and data was collected from 120 participants from two secondary schools (1 public & 1 private) using convenience sampling technique. Descriptive statistics seeking help of SPSS software was used to analyse the collected data. The study concluded that students in public sector schools experience less academic impacts from teacher absenteeism compared to those in private sector schools, as teachers’ absenteeism is less prevalent in public sector schools.

Critical Factors Driving Project Success within the Construction Industry: A Qualitative Insight

Khawar Hussain — 2024-10-18

Pakistan's construction sector is plagued by challenging endeavor environments that require efficient management strategies for success. The present qualitative research looks at how risk management, communication management, organizational culture, and human resource management affect the success of the Pakistani construction industry. This study uses semi-structured interviews with project managers from diverse construction businesses to explore the industry's particular difficulties and tactics. Thematic analysis showed that thorough risk management measures are demonstrated to reduce project interruptions and postponements while successful communication management is vital in preserving transparency and sorting out disagreements. Furthermore, research has shown that a strong organizational culture emphasizing cooperation and shared values improves creativity and teamwork. In addition, strategic HRM methods, such as focused recruiting and developing competencies, assist in coordinating project teams and improving performance. The study provides significant information for Pakistani construction companies seeking to optimize their management processes, as well as laying the framework for subsequent studies on enhancing project accomplishments within emerging countries.

Examining Expressions of Love: A Qualitative Analysis of Emotional Dynamics between Adult Men and Women in Sialkot, with a Focus on Asian Cultural Contexts

Salbia Abbas — 2024-10-18

Current research explored the influence of cultural norms and gender roles on the expressions of love and emotional intimacy among male and female adults in Sialkot, with a focus on how traditional Asian values shape these dynamics. Employing a cross-sectional research design with a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 40 male and female participants aged 20-40, representing both rural and urban areas of Sialkot. The research highlights significant gender differences in emotional expression and intimacy. Findings indicate that men exhibit a higher expression of sexual desire (70%) and verbal communication of love (80%) compared to women (30% and 20%, respectively). Women, influenced by cultural norms promoting modesty and restraint, exhibit a higher fear of character assassination (60%) which restricts their ability to openly express their feelings. The study also reveals that men are more inclined towards romantic (Eros) and playful (Ludus) types of love, while both genders equally value friendship (Storge). Women tend to engage in intimacy without overt expressions of love more than men. Cultural norms and societal expectations in Sialkot reinforce traditional gender roles, leading to more subdued and private expressions of affection for women, while men navigate these norms with greater freedom. Positive emotional expression is crucial as it helps to mitigate emotional damage and promotes healthier interactions between genders. The study underscores the need for culturally sensitive educational programs and counseling services to address these gender-specific barriers and promote healthier emotional communication. The findings have implications for understanding the intersection of culture, gender, and emotional expression in romantic relationships within traditional Asian contexts.

Doubly Perception on Quintuple Factors Affecting Early Childhood Development of Children with Unique Needs in Punjab, Pakistan

Dr. Hina Hadayat Ali — 2024-10-18

The current study was particularly designed to endeavor the effects of nutrition, Social and Cultural and societal practices, and Parent’s Behaviors and Parenting on early childhood development of children with unique needs. Nutrition, health and learning were assumed to be as independent factors providing energy and nutrients needed to be healthy. Multiple life span dimensions of early childhood development of children with unique needs were taken to be as dependent variables such as cognition, emotions, growth and immunity, eating habits, health, learning, and social behavior. A self-developed questionnaire was developed to collect data from the respondents. The parents of school age children aged 06-12 years from Faisalabad, Lahore and Gujranwala cities were chosen as the population of the study while sample was comprised of n=268 participants chosen through purposive sampling technique. Descriptive statistics was run to describe the features of data set by generating summaries about the data sample. Inferential statistics was also employed to test research hypotheses to draw conclusions about population. The results indicated a significant positive correlation (r= 0.36, significant at p 0.01) in the perception of parents and special education teachers. It was concluded that nutrition is one of the three major factors that impact child’s development by the perception of parents and special education teachers. Based on the conclusions, the study recommended that parents and special education teachers should reinforce the importance of good nutritional choices in early childhood.

Exploring Global Education in Early Childhood: Perspectives of Preschool Teachers in Pakistan

Ushaque Ahmed — 2024-10-18

This study examined the perspective of Pakistani preschool teachers’ perception including global education in early childhood curriculum. Utilizing qualitative research approach, Semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers from both urban and rural pre-schooler centers across Pakistan. The analysis revealed several key themes: challenges and benefits associated with the implementation of global education, the relevance of cultural context, and teachers’ perceptions of the significance of global competencies for young children. Furthermore, teachers highlighted various obstacles, such as limited resources, lack of training, and contextual barriers, but also emphasized the potential benefits, including fostering a broader worldview and promoting cultural understanding from an early age. Additionally, they harassed the importance of aligning global education initiatives with local cultural values to ensure effective integration. The findings suggest that while there is enthusiasm for global education, systemic support and comprehensive training are necessary for its successful implementation. Lastly, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and government officials on strategies to incorporate global education into early childhood education in Pakistan, fostering globally competent future generations.

Sociocultural Factors Determining the Reproductive Behavior of Nomads: A Case Study of District Bhakkar

Ali Raza Khan — 2024-10-19

This study aims to evaluate nomad's reproductive behavior and identify the key determining sociocultural factors. A cross-sectional investigation was carried out using a quantitative methodology. Data was gathered in three tehsils of district Bhakkar through Purposive sampling technique. The sample size was 105. The statistical results show r² = 68.8, the majority of nomads indicated that son preference is highly widespread in their groups and that trends of early marriages are a part of their unique culture. Their females were confronting unwanted pregnancies due to customary views. Large numbers of nomads concur that socio-cultural variables determine their reproductive behavior. The hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between sociocultural factors and the reproductive behavior of nomads is supported by the correlation result of 0.830** with a significant value of 0.00. This indicates a strong positive correlation between sociocultural factors and the reproductive behavior of nomads. The regression results provide support for the hypothesis that there is a positive effect of socio-cultural factors on reproductive behavior among nomads. The sociocultural factors that determine the reproductive behavior of nomads are as follows traditional beliefs, early marriages, forced marriages, unplanned pregnancy, son preference, fertility preference, unsafe abortion, sex without marriages and influence of suppose on childbearing. The study highlights the importance of sociocultural factors in determining the reproductive behavior of nomads in District Bhakkar. The desire for male children, cultural beliefs about the value of fertility, limited access to modern contraceptive methods, and traditional gender roles are among the factors that contribute to high fertility rates among nomads. This study provides valuable insights into the reproductive behavior of nomads and can inform policies and programs aimed at improving their reproductive health and well-being.

International Strategies for Protecting Green Technology: The Case of Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Haider — 2024-10-24

While world is trying its best to combat climate change and support the green economy paradigm, proper legal shield to green technology is imperative. This paper undertakes a new study that reviews international actions to safeguard green technology and how they pertain to the legal structure of developing countries particularly Pakistan. Drawing from research published up to year 2024, this research considers the most important global legal frameworks, IPR structures, and technology dissemination procedures that are necessary for protection of green technologies. It also provides a comprehensive look at how Pakistan currently treats the issue from a legal perspective, where there is a focus on the difficulties currently facing this field and the new legal approaches that will enhance the development of green technology. The study emphasizes on increasing the capacity of such countries as Pakistan to be active participants in the global sustainability processes. These findings provide useful recommendations for policymakers, legal scholars, and international organizations, providing lessons learnt from current positive developments in environmental law and technology.

“Bridging Borders: An In-Depth Exploration of Pakistan’s Role in Regional Security through the SCO”

Dr. Waseem Ullah — 2024-10-26

The focus of this research paper is to establish Pakistan’s security contributions in the region by analyzing its interaction with the SCO. It was created in 2001 and has transformed into an important format of regional multilateral cooperation in the sphere of security and in various fields of economic and cultural ties. After joining the SCO in 2017, Pakistan has aimed to boost its power in Central Asia and; dealing with major security issues internally and regionally. counter-terrorism and preventing extremism is one of the paramount security areas in the SCO, this paper aims at analyzing Pakistan’s involvement in these issues. As terrorism and violent extremism are nowadays universal problems, the SCO’s Regional Antiterrorist Structure (RATS) offered a format of cooperation and information exchange for combined actions of its members. This paper will analyse how Pakistan has been involved in RATS and participated in counter terrorism efforts in the region. Besides, the paper shall also examine how Pakistan’s participation in the SCO affects stability of Central Asia. This study will employ qualitative method of data collection and analysis as well as secondary materials to reveal the areas that Pakistan finds difficult to implement the agreed SCO framework, political and hostile relation with India to name but a few, internal security. In conclusion, the paper will put forward suggestions to promote the position of Pakistan in the SCO, with particular emphasis on cooperation in the exchange of intelligence and partner states with the Central Asian countries. In conclusion, the presented research adds to the explanation of the security processes in Central Asia with regard to Pakistan’s interactions within the SCO framework.

Exploring the Time Use of People after Retirement: A Study of Division Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Huma Qasim — 2024-10-26

The study aims to analyze the time use of pensioners in the division Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Time-use surveys were carried out in all three districts of division Bahawalpur from February 2015 to June 2020, divided into four phases. This article describes the differences in time use of pensioners in the districts Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, and Rahimyar Khan in all four phases. The results suggest remarkable similarities in the time use of all three districts. Mostly time after retirement was spent with family and on religious activities, whereas the least time was spent on travelling after retirement by pensioners of division Bahawalpur.

Learning Approaches at Primary Level: An Analysis of the Efficacy of Home Work

Shaheen Akhtar — 2024-10-27

This study's primary goal was to investigate the efficacy of elementary school homework strategies. The whole study sample consisted of instructors and fifth-grade students in the Nowshera district. The research was conducted using a survey research design. Using a stratified random sampling procedure, the sample was chosen. Of the 400 participants in the sample, 288 were parents, and 112 were primary school instructors from both government and private institutions. A self-made survey instrument was created to gather information. SPSS was used to examine the data. The results showed that homework strategy had a beneficial impact on students' academic progress with (β =.56, p.001).The study discovered no distinction in perception between instructors and parents. The overall study found that students' academic attainment was better when they used a homework-based study strategy than when they didn't.07). It was recommended that research may be carried out in other districts and provinces. The opinions of instructors and parents were investigated in this study. Research may be conducted to find out how students feel about homework efficacy.

Muslim Women in the Hindi Movie Haider: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Muhammad Tariq — 2024-10-29

Hindi cinema, with its versatility of subjects, is among the top film industries in the world. It has touched on a variety of topics in its productions. From very domestic to social and from local to global, everything gets a certain treatment in Bollywood. Among those is the adaptation of the literary work. Shakespeare, an Elizabethan dramatis, with his remarkable contribution to literature, especially drama, could never remain unexplored by the Hindi film makers. "Haider" has served as one of the exemplary adaptations of Hamlet with regard to its social, political, and cinematographic context. Set in the Muslim and conflict-ridden society of Kashmir, it rendered it more significant. Amongst other important themes, one can find a depiction of Muslim society in general and that of a Muslim woman in particular. To study the portrayal of Muslim women in the movie, Fairclough’s 3D model of critical discourse analysis has been employed to analyses the character of Ghazala, the hero’s mother. The findings of the study reveal that Muslim women have been portrayed as immoral, disloyal, and insincere family members.

Mutual Benefits or Dominance: Assessing the Economic Relations between China and Southeast Asia

Misbah Zainab — 2024-10-30

In the light of evolving economic relations between China and Southeast Asia, the question of the fundamental nature of this cooperation assumes immense importance. Two contrasting perspectives delineate the nature of these economic ties, one depicting mutually advantageous connections, while the other speculates the economic benefits as being unilaterally in favor of China. The paper examines these two perspectives in detail and draws a conclusion that the two viewpoints will continue to coexist because of the presence of irrefutable evidence and arguments presented by each stance. Although most economic agreements between China and Southeast Asia have been of mutual benefit to both parties, boosting trade and investment, and promoting development, the threat of debt trap exists for some Southeast Asian countries like Laos which has become increasingly dependent on Chinese support due to its own political and economic deficiencies. This illustrates a critical point that the extent to which the Southeast Asian countries can benefit from Chinese investment depends on their own institutional competence and strategic policies.

Differentiated Instructional Strategies for Special Needs Students with Learning Difficulties in Mathematics

Dr. Muhammad Javed Aftab — 2024-11-02

This paper aims at identifying the effectiveness of differentiated instructional strategies implemented for special needs students who have problems learning mathematics. The study employed a quantitative research design, administering a self-developed questionnaire to 250 teachers through simple random sampling. We collected data both physically and online, and analyzed responses using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. Findings suggested that there is immense support for the differentiated strategies among teachers, such as visual aids, hands-on activities, peer-assisted learning, and individualized feedback, as they enhance mathematical understanding in students with learning difficulties. Teachers credited technology-based tools and tailored instruction for increasing student engagement and assisting students' improvement in problem-solving skills. This study concluded that experience, designation, and place of posting immensely affect teachers' perceptions of these strategies, whereas gender and educational qualifications do not make a difference. The findings of the above study raise awareness of the diversified needs of different learners and stress the importance of continuous professional development for the implementation of differentiated instruction.

Impact of Parents’ Socioeconomic Status and their Qualification on Students’ Academic Achievement at Elementary Level

Aqsa Khan — 2024-11-03

This study is conducted in Layyah District of South Punjab, Pakistan to explore the impact of socioeconomic status and qualifications of parents on academic achievement of the students at elementary school level. It involves 46 boys and 55 girls elementary schools in Tehsil Layyah, with a sample size of 581 students from grade VII and VIII. The study includes 16 boys and 12 girls schools in Tehsil Layyah (148 students), 8 boys and 16 girls schools in Tehsil Karor (125 students), and 22 boys and 27 girls schools in Tehsil Chobara (308 students). Data was collected through questionnaire and statistical analysis was done by using SPSS. Results reveal significant difference in academic achievements based on socioeconomic status indicating positive correlation between socioeconomic status, parental qualifications and academic performance. Students with a higher socioeconomic status revealed superior academic performance. The analysis also shows a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement (p-value=0.000) at the 0.05 level of significance, with a strong correlation (r=0.734) between socioeconomic status and students' grades. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between parental factors and students' academic performance in district Layyah. It suggests potential areas for further research, including exploring the impact of socioeconomic status on academic achievement across diverse school level.

Altruism beyond Boundaries: Unpacking the Introvert-Extrovert Paradox

Tahira Riaz — 2024-11-03

The study focused to find correlation between personality aspects (Extraversion and Introversion) and Altruism among University students. The research instruments for collecting data were psychological scales of items consist of 05-point Likert self-reported Altruistic scale (J. Philippe et all 1981), an 18 -items. The first scale focused on prosocial behaviour of the students through 05-point Likert scale with modes of Never, Once, more than once, often, and very often. The second personality type scale by (James C. MacCroskey) the responses were collected on 5-Likert’s scale: e.g. 1. Strongly disagree, 2. Disagree, 3. Neither disagree nor agree, 4. Agree, 5. Strongly agree. These scales were data collecting tools for the study and personally administered to the targeted sample. A sample of 150 students was taken for convenience. The responses of the students were carefully analysed, calculated and tabulated in the light of the stated objectives. The statistical tool SPSS 21 version was used for analysis purpose. Descriptive statistics like Frequency, Percentage, Mean and Standard deviation were employed. Pearson co-efficient was used to investigate the correlation variables among analysis respectively. The study findings showed no significant difference of introverted and extroverted personality with altruism (helping others). The Cronbach's Alpha of Altruism scale is 0.8 which shows strong reliability.

The ‘India Factor’ and the Future Security Landscape in South Asia: Conflict, Competition, or Cooperation?

Abdul Razaque Larik — 2024-11-05

Pakistan’s inception in 1947 coincided with the advent of an immediate and proximate threat from India resulting in a war on Kashmir, another war in 1965, the 1971 War that caused secession of Pakistan, and an armed clash in 1999. These substantial adverse developments have created what scholars call ‘India factor’ in the foreign and security policies of Pakistan. This paper aims to answer the question about whether the ‘India factor’ would continue to dominate the future bilateral and regional security landscape. The paper starts with an overview of the causes of the genesis of this factor, borrows theoretical insights from classical realism, and traces the historical development of this factor. The next main parts discuss the current state of affairs with respect to ‘India factor’ and submits future predictions. This paper argues that in the light of theoretical guidelines there are three likely key areas that would dominate the bilateral and multilateral ties of Pakistan i.e. a possible conflict, a probable competition between Islamabad and New Delhi, and a narrow possibility of cooperation.

Survey Research: Descriptive and Analytical Power, Types and Usages

Muhammad Ahmad Sheikh — 2024-11-05

In the big horizon of academic research survey methods serve as the foundation for producing trustworthy and dependable information. The paper investigates into the various methodologies employed in research, elucidating their fundamental principles, applications, and implications. By critically examining qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches along with to provide a comprehensive understanding of how researchers design studies, collect data, and analyze results in a meaningful manner. Besides, this article concentrate on survey research as one of the most popular amongst academic circle, research scholars and organization method of conducting research so that the reader can critically assess the appropriateness of the results drawn from survey research studies.

Analyzing the Connection between Macroeconomic Variables and Market Performance: A Panel Study from an Emerging Economy

Surayya Jamal — 2024-11-07

This study explores at how Pakistan's market performance is affected by macroeconomic factors from 2014 to 2023. The World Bank's Development Indicators (WDI) dataset and annual reports are the sources of the data. In this research study, the panel data was analyzed using GMM. This research advances the field by using features of macroeconomic variables instead of firm-level elements. The empirical finding demonstrates that macroeconomic factors support non-financial companies' market performance in Pakistan. Companies operative in Pakistan should be concerned of the possible influence of these factors on market performance and search for new methods to deal with them. The macroeconomic variables effectively enhance market performance. Policymakers and investors need to take these facts into consideration while choices are being made on economic policy and investments.

A Sociological Analysis of Teamwork and Personality Development Among University Students Engaged in Sports: A Case Study of Peshawar University’s Campus

Muhammad Mujeeb — 2024-11-07

Sports transcend cultural and geographical boundaries, serving as a catalyst for unity, community cohesion, and physical well-being. Beyond athletic achievement, sports nurture personality development by fostering teamwork, collaboration, and the equitable distribution of responsibilities. This study, conducted at Peshawar University’s campus including Agriculture University Peshawar, University of Peshawar, Islamia Collage University Peshawar and University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar. Further, univariate and bivariate analyses employed on a sample of 332 out of total population 2479 as male and female athletes across five major sports i.e. Cricket, Hockey, Football Volleyball and Badminton. The findings underscore that teamwork cultivates a sense of solidarity ("we-feeling"), promotes mutual cooperation, and enhances overall performance. Significant association emerged between individual roles, shared responsibilities, and personality development, underscoring the pivotal role of teamwork in facilitating both personal growth and collective accomplishment.

Exploring the Influence of Green HR Practices on Employees' Environmental Behavior, Mediated by Transformational Leadership and Moderated by Employee Demographics

Muhammad Arslan — 2024-11-09

The purpose of this research study is to create a holistic model to examine the antecedent of green HR practices and consequent environmental behavior of employees with the support of social exchange theory and transformational leadership theory. Since the research adopted the Saunders Onion Model for the selection of the research methodology, six hypotheses were developed to analyze the complex interconnections within the variables. Incorporation of these two theories helps in extending the existing knowledge base in view of offering a comprehensive theoretical foundation that explains the effusive link between Green HR practices and effected enhanced employee environments behaviors. In this study, transformational leadership is proposed as a mediator arguing that leaders with transformational characteristics can positively encourage employees to participate in sustainable behavior. Further, the study assumes that employees’ demographic characteristics can act as a moderator because implementing Green HR practices may affect individual characteristics such as age, and level of education, and the firms’ environmental behavior. In this article, the author proposes a new approach using external factors that separate them from previous studies; Environmental Training Program, Green Employee involvement, and Workplace Eco-Policies. These elements are important in determining an organization’s environmental management because they concern directly the organizational employee’s attitude and behavior towards the environment. The second major contribution of this research is the use of Social Exchange Theory and Transformational Leadership Theory as moderators in improving environmental behavior. This theoretical context enables the investigation of the relationships proposed between leadership behaviors and subordinates’ commitment to environmental efforts. Moreover the moderating roles of young age and higher education level are also explored in the study that imply that these demographic factors can enhance the impact of the transformational leadership on environmental behavior. The expected findings of the proposed model will greatly enhance the body of knowledge on Green HR practices formulated to guide organizations seeking to adopt quality Human Resource practices. In doing so, this study makes not only a theoretical contribution but also offers real-world prescriptions for organizations wishing to encourage their employees to become more environmentally sustainable. In conclusion, they point to the importance of a systemic approach for studying the directions of organizational sustainability in the workplace, focusing on management and employees’ participation in attaining environmental objectives. This study model will help fuel subsequent research in this field and improve the overall understanding of ways that Green HR practices may be utilized to encourage better environmental performance by employees.

Role of Participation and Consensus on Projects’ Performance in Public Sector Health Care in Peshawar

Afifa Anjum Khattak — 2024-11-10

This exploratory research examines how good governance practices, specifically participation and consensus, affect the performance of projects in the public health sector hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The current study represents a crucial addition to a series of research focused on the healthcare sector that aims to highlight the influence of good governance on the performance of healthcare projects. This study analyzes three essential health programs in the KP province: Sehat Card, Insulin D-Talk, and RBC. A sample of 121 staff members from projects was obtained through simple random sampling, including representatives from project planning, monitoring bodies, and implementation agencies, such as administrators, project leaders, hospital department heads, doctors, and various project personnel. Quantitative data regarding the prevalence, frequency, and perceived effectiveness of the governance practices under consideration were gathered through standardized questionnaires. Findings indicate that participation and a consensus-driven approach significantly shape project results, demonstrating strong performance across the examined initiatives. Importantly, this research is the first to employ an international evaluation standard to measure the effectiveness of healthcare projects in Pakistan. The principles of good governance set forth by the UNDP were applied to investigate their impact on the performance of these healthcare initiatives. The study's recommendations were directed at policymakers, healthcare managers, and project directors to enhance governance practices and project efficacy. To enhance stakeholder involvement throughout the entire process, especially in decision-making, it is essential to establish advisory panels that include patients, staff, and community members to gather their insights. Expanding this study to cover additional provinces and urban and rural areas would help identify regional healthcare challenges and governance practices. A longitudinal approach could track governance model evolution and long-term healthcare impacts while including private sector insights that would enhance understanding of governance efficiency and care standards.

Trends of Brand Advertisement on Instagram and its Consequences on Consumer Behavior

Ayesha Siddiqui — 2024-11-10

Instagram provides valuable insights into various product offerings, effectively enhancing consumer attraction. Many organizations now maintain official pages and groups on Instagram to engage with their customers. This platform facilitates easy access to companies, allowing consumers to share their ideas, opinions, and feedback. The purpose of this study is to examine the Trends of Brand Advertisement on Instagram and its Consequences on Consumer Behavior. Utilizing a quantitative approach, the researcher surveyed 300 respondents to understand their reactions to Instagram advertisements. Data was collected through a questionnaire-based online survey for analysis. The findings indicate that Instagram advertisements raise awareness about the latest trends and provide detailed product information. Respondents often follow the official Instagram pages of their favorite brands. The study also reveals that many respondents perceive online purchases to be more cost-effective than in-store purchases. Furthermore, social media advertisements significantly influence consumer buying preferences. However, a small segment of consumers expressed concerns about online shopping.

Examining the Impact of Social Media Advertising on Consumer Buying Intentions and Buying Behavior for Home Appliances among Youth

Dr. Muhammad Rehan — 2024-11-12

Social media has become a powerful tool for influencing consumer behavior, especially among youth, whose purchasing decisions are increasingly shaped by digital interactions. This study investigates the impact of social media advertising on youth consumer buying intentions and behaviors specifically for home appliances. The aim is to understand how social media advertising drives purchasing decisions in this high-involvement product category, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the guiding framework. A structured questionnaire was developed and administered to a sample of 240 young consumers, with responses analyzed using correlation and regression techniques to assess the strength of relationships between social media advertising and consumer intentions and behaviors. The results demonstrate a significant positive impact of social media advertising on both buying intentions and buying behaviors, supporting the effectiveness of targeted digital ads in influencing youth purchasing choices. Based on these findings, it is recommended that brands focus on interactive, visually appealing, and authentic content, including influencer partnerships, to enhance engagement. This approach could help maximize the effect of social media campaigns on youth consumers. The study’s implications highlight the value of personalized and credible content to foster trust and conversion in high-value product markets. However, the study has limitations, including its focus on youth, reliance on self-reported data, and a cross-sectional design that doesn’t capture long-term effects. In conclusion, social media advertising significantly affects youth purchasing decisions for home appliances, offering actionable insights for marketers targeting this demographic.

Bridging the Gap: Aligning Teachers' Beliefs and Practices in Formative Assessment

Sehrish Tajammul Butt — 2024-11-14

This study aims to examine the attitudes and practices of primary school teachers towards formative assessment, with a focus on identifying demographic influences. A quantitative approach was used with the sample of 400 teachers from 16 public and private primary schools in Lahore, Pakistan. The research questions addressed the impact of demographic variables such as gender, qualification, institute type and teaching experience on teachers’ attitudes and practices towards formative assessment. Two instruments, namely “Teachers Attitudes towards Formative Assessment” and Teachers’ Perceived Practices towards Formative Assessment, were used to measure the constructs. The results showed generally positive attitude towards formative assessment among teachers, emphasizing their role in guiding student learning and improving teaching strategies. However, challenges such as insufficient training and time constraints for implementation were identified. Teachers’ perceived practices findings showed teachers applied some aspects consistently as compared to others. Gender and institution type findings showed significant impact of attitudes and practices, suggesting the importance of tailored support and professional development initiatives. These findings showed the need for comprehensive assessment policies and targeted interventions to promote effective formative assessment practices in primary education, ultimately enhancing student learning outcomes and fostering a culture of continuous improvement in teaching and learning process.

Smog Issue and Public Perception: A Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Social Media

Dr. Zaeem Yasin — 2024-11-15

This study evaluates the role of media in creating awareness and prevention of smog issues. It determines public perception about the status of conventional media (broadcast or print media) content and coverage of the smog issue. This study also finds out the public perception about the status of relevant environmental information regarding smog covered by social media. This study analyzes the effectiveness of sources (print, electronic, social media) for the coverage of smog pollution. To achieve these objectives, the researcher used a mixed-method approach, and thus, the study revealed that social media is more effective for the coverage of the smog issue. Social media is extremely vibrant and has convincing power to change public opinion and government decisions. This study revealed that social media platforms highlight smog issues to monitor air pollution.

Exploring English Reading Strategies Employed by Teachers at Secondary School Level

Maria Bibi — 2024-11-16

Importance of English is inevitable not only in Pakistan but all over the world. English language has gained a significant place in various fields of life demanding modern people to have sufficient command of language skills to progress in academic and professional domains. Similarly, the students are also required to be adept in language skills to meet the needs of the modern era. In this context, the research was carried out to explore the English reading strategies adopted by teachers at the SSC level in district Haripur and also to find difference of male and female, urban and rural teachers’ reading strategies in term of basic components of reading; phonemic awareness, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension. A survey research design was used. Four hundred (400) secondary school teachers teaching English to grade-10 was selected through stratified random sampling technique as sample. A self-constructed questionnaire for teachers was used as research tool. The findings revealed that a very least number of teachers had shown interest in basic teaching skill while more of the focus was on syllabus completion and exam-preparation. The study provided an insight about the current situation of language teaching in terms of their focus on basic language skills particularly reading. It is hoped that the government of KP and education department would take necessary measures to improve language teaching by implementing required changes in the policies, conducting training workshops and seminars to sensitize and familiarize the teachers with modern trends of language teachings and revising curriculum with the focus on to polish the basic skills of students at large.

Body Shaming, Cyberstander Effect, and Social Anxiety in the Social Media Era: Untangling the Interplay

Samina Rashid — 2024-11-16

This thorough investigation explores the complex interactions among social media use, body shaming, the cyberstander effect, and social anxiety. A varied group of 510 volunteers was gathered, representing a range of ages, genders, educational levels, and professions. A comprehensive mediation analysis was carried out to investigate the direct and indirect impacts of the study parameters. Self-report measures were employed to assess the variables. The study finds a link between the cyberstander effect and social media use, indicating that regular social media users may engage in cyberstander behavior. Social media was found to play a role in mediating the association between body shaming and social anxiety, suggesting that it has an impact on how social anxiety levels are affected by experiences with body shaming. These results underline the need of taking social media into account when analyzing body-shaming experiences and their consequences on people's mental health. Understanding these dynamics is essential for creating focused interventions that support psychological health and good body image in the digital age. Future studies should investigate precise mechanisms and evidence-based remedies to mitigate the damaging impacts of social media and body shaming on mental health across a range of demographic groups.

Exploring the Strengths and Weaknesses of STEM Implementation in Public Secondary Schools in Punjab

Tayyaba Mehmood — 2024-11-20

This research explores the implementation and weakness of STEM education among secondary schools in the public sector of Punjab. It utilizes purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews are used as data-gathering instruments. Through thematic analysis using a compare and contrast technique, several key themes emerged. The results indicate that STEM education markedly improves students' comprehension of science and critical thinking abilities. The existing curriculum shows an improved alignment with STEM principles relative to earlier iterations; however, it continues to prioritize memorization rather than practical application. Training for educators and ongoing professional growth is essential for successful STEM education, with participants observing beneficial shifts in instructional methods and student involvement. Nonetheless, obstacles including financial limitations, restricted access to technology, and inadequate resources were recognized. The role of school leadership and community support emerged as essential elements for effective STEM implementation. Over all this study highlights the necessity for curriculum reform, improved teacher training, and greater financial support to sustain and enhance STEM education in public schools in Punjab.

Revisiting Output and Monetary Uncertainty and Money Demand in Asia

Dr. Misbah Nosheen — 2024-11-20

This comprehensive study conducts a meticulous examination of the intricate dynamics governing the relationship between economic and monetary uncertainties and money demand in the Asian context, spanning the extensive timeframe from 1990 to 2023. By utilizing a comprehensive analytical methodology that encompasses both linear and non-linear ARDL models the study illuminates the various elements impacting money demand in the area. Important new information is revealed especially about how uncertainty measures affect money demand in the short term. The substantial impact that different uncertainty measures have on money demand is demonstrated by empirical data highlighting their applicability in Asias complex economic environment. However, exceptions emphasize the nuanced nature of these relationships and the need for context-specific analyses. Delving deeper into the long-term perspective, the study unravels the intricate web of determinants shaping money demand in the scrutinized Asian nations. Variables like exchange rates and interest rates, alongside economic and monetary uncertainties, emerge as pivotal factors with discernible impacts. Nevertheless, intriguing variations in the nature and magnitude of these effects manifest across different countries within the Asian region. A salient conclusion drawn from this research underscores the imperative role of policymakers in the Asian context. To maintain stability and facilitate effective monetary management, policymakers are urged to place heightened emphasis on crafting and implementing judicious monetary policies. These policies should not merely address the critical concern of inflation but also confront economic uncertainties head-on. By adeptly navigating these intricate challenges, policymakers can aspire to achieve the overarching goal of stabilizing money demand in Asia's diverse and dynamic landscape.