International Journal of Politics & Social Sciences Review (IJPSSR)
ISSN 2959-6467 (Online) :: ISSN 2959-6459 (Print) :: ISSN 2959-6459 (ISSN-L) International Journal of Politics & Social Sciences Review (IJPSSR) is a peer-reviewed & multi-disciplinary online open access journal, which provides the best platform for researchers and scholars all over the world to share the latest findings. Authors are encouraged to submit complete, unpublished, original and innovative works in all social science fields. The journal focuses on, but not limited to the following topics: Political Science, Philosophy, Criminology, Anthropology, Humanities, Government Studies, Development Studies, Gender Studies, International Relations, Law, Public Administration, Public Policy, Women Education, Women Empowerment, Education, Sociology, Psychology, Physical Education & Sports, Special Education, Journalism & Mass Communication, Islamic Studies, Pakistan Studies, Cultural Studies, History, Geography, Cross-cultural Studies, Linguistic and Literature, Social Work, Online & Distance Learning, Global Pedagogies, Ethics, Demographical Studies, Economics, Commerce, Management Sciences and other related subjects. Authors are encouraged to submit your papers through Open Journal System (OJS) or send to us via this email ijpssrjournal@gmail.com directly according to the submission guidelines.
Gandhara Education and Research Consultants (GERC)
Father–Child Communication in Migrant Families and Adult Attachment Among Young Pakistani Adults
Father–child communication constitutes a critical relational mechanism through which attachment orientations are shaped across development. In migrant families, prolonged paternal absence may disrupt everyday emotional exchanges, with enduring implications for attachment security during emerging adulthood. Drawing on attachment theory and family systems perspectives, the present study examined the association between father–child communication and adult attachment orientations among young Pakistani adults raised in migrant family contexts, and tested family functioning as a mediating mechanism. Using a cross-sectional correlational design, data were collected from 600 Pakistani young adults aged 18–23 years who reported a history of paternal labor migration during childhood. Participants completed Urdu-validated measures of father–child communication, adult attachment anxiety and avoidance, and family functioning. Results indicated that higher perceived quality of father–child communication was significantly associated with lower attachment anxiety and avoidance and greater attachment security. Mediation analyses revealed that family functioning partially mediated the relationship between father–child communication and adult attachment security. These findings advance attachment and family systems theory by demonstrating culturally specific relational pathways through which paternal communication shapes adult attachment security in migration-affected families. The study underscores the importance of culturally responsive family interventions and paternal engagement practices in migration-affected contexts.
Father–Child Communication, Adult Attachment, Migrant Families, Emerging Adulthood, Pakistan, Family Functioning
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Afzal, Sherkhonov Umarali Tokhirovich, Raharinirina Hery Valisoa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Analyzing the Effects of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Stress Management among Physical Education Teachers working at Secondary School Level
The main purpose of this study Effects of social support and self-efficacy on stress management among physical education teachers working at secondary schools of District Dera Ismail Khan. Therefore, the cross-sectional approached employed by the researcher. The Data were collected from 495 male and female physical education teachers selected through stratified random sampling. Standardized instruments were used to measure perceived social support, self-efficacy, and stress management, and the data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version-32) For the data analysis the researcher were used Statistical tools descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, t-tests, and ANOVA. On the basis of results, the findings Found that the teachers reported moderate to high levels of social support, self-efficacy, and stress management. Significant positive relationships were found between social support and stress management, as well as between self-efficacy and stress management, with self-efficacy emerging as the stronger predictor. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that both variables independently and jointly contributed to effective stress management. Demographic factors such as gender, teaching experience, and educational level showed significant variations, while ethnicity did not influence the study variables. On the basis of results, this study highlighted that Social Support and Self-Efficacy has significance impact upon Stress Management among Physical Education Teachers working at Secondary School Level.
Social Support, Self-Efficacy Stress, Management and Physical Education Teachers
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Basit, Nasira Parveen, Muhammad Ijaz, Ghulshan Tahira, Muhammad Aqeel, Tuheed Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Market Competition, Industrial Policy and Corporate Risk-Taking: Evidence from Pakistani Enterprises
This study evaluates the impact of industrial policy and market competition on corporate risk-taking using data from Pakistani firms. This study reveals that industrial policy (IP), measured by IP-hat, consistently reduces corporate risk-taking across multiple model specifications. The relationship between market competition (HHI) and risk-taking shows methodological sensitivity, while Pooled OLS estimates indicate significant negative effects from both high and low competition levels, these effects become statistically insignificant in fixed effects models that control for firm-level heterogeneity. This suggests that observed competition effects may stem from time-invariant firm characteristics rather than dynamic market changes. Furthermore, we find no significant interaction between industrial policy and market competition, indicating that policy effects operate independently of market structure. These results highlight the risk-suppressing nature of IP in emerging economies and underscore the importance of methodological considerations in competition studies. The findings carry important implications for policymakers designing industrial policies that balance firm support with innovation incentives in developing markets.
Industrial Policy; Corporate Risk-Taking; Market Competition; Pakistani Firms; Fixed Effects Model
Copyright (c) 2026 Tauseeq Muhammad Sabar (杨孝), Nawaz Rao Sabir (勇敢) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The Impact of Early Speech Language Intervention on Language Development in Children with Speech Delays: A Quantitative Study of Parental Perceptions
Early speech-language intervention (ESLI) plays a crucial role in addressing speech delays in children, enhancing their communication skills and overall development. This study explores the impact of ESLI on children's language development, focusing on parental perceptions of the therapy's effectiveness. The research was conducted in a diverse sample of parents whose children received speech therapy for various speech delays. Using a quantitative descriptive design, data were collected from 120 parents via a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. The sampling technique used in the study was non-probability convenience sampling, which allowed for the inclusion of 120 parents who were accessible and willing to participate in the study. The results indicate significant improvements in vocabulary, sentence structure, and speech clarity, with mean scores ranging from 3.75 to 3.91. Parents expressed strong satisfaction with the therapy's effect on their child's language comprehension and communication confidence. However, challenges related to maintaining child motivation and applying skills outside therapy sessions were identified, with mean scores ranging from 3.50 to 3.75. These findings emphasize the importance of early, personalized interventions and active parental involvement in reinforcing therapy at home.
Early Speech-Language Intervention, Speech Delays, Language Development, Parental Perceptions, Therapy Outcomes, Communication Skills
Copyright (c) 2025 Waqar Un Nisa, Misbah Tariq, Muhammad Haroon Manj, Muhammad Hadi Haideri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
How Religious Teachings can help Lower Poverty and Unemployment: A Social and Educational Approach
This study, entitled “The Role of Religious Teachings in Reducing Poverty and Unemployment: An Educational and Social Approach,” explores the significance of religious principles in addressing economic challenges. In the religion of Islam, great emphasis is placed on the importance of work and employment as means of preserving human dignity, ensuring independence from others, and fulfilling one’s basic needs through lawful earnings. Numerous examples demonstrate that even the divine prophets, despite their great mission of conveying Almighty Allah message to humankind, engaged in various professions so as not to be dependent on others and to provide for themselves and their families. This clearly indicates that Islam strongly advocates the eradication of poverty. From a methodological perspective, this research is applied in purpose and descriptive in nature, conducted through a literature review of Quranic verses, prophetic traditions (Hadith), and relevant scholarly works.The findings reveal that religious teachings play a significant and influential role in reducing poverty and unemployment. By implementing these teachings and engaging in lawful, ethical labor consistent with Islamic principles, poverty and deprivation can be eliminated from society, leading Muslims toward a prosperous and dignified life free from destitution.
Educational; Poverty; Religious Teachings; Unemployment; Zakat
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasratullah Nasrat, Mohammad Aziz Mohammadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Psychosocial Determinant of Diabetes Management among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Focus group discussion
Background: Diabetes distress, poor self-care, and impaired coping are the common psychological and behavioral issues that have always been known to complicate the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Mindfulness-based therapies, especially Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), have demonstrated potential to alter these outcomes although qualitative data are needed to supplement quantitative data. Aim: The study has investigated the attitudes of the stakeholders regarding the psychological and behavioral impact of T2DM and the applicability of mindfulness-based interventions. Method: A purposively selected sample size of 6 participants including one doctor, dietitian, physiotherapist, clinical psychologist, patient with T2DM, and caregiver participated in a qualitative focus group discussion. The FGD guide was prepared based on searching literature systematically and attended the top themes of distress, self-care, coping, psychological flexibility, and social support. The two-hour meeting took place online, was recorded, and transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using themes. Findings: Emotional distress, irregular self-care practices, social support were observed to have displayed key difficulties associated with them. The participants also pointed to the usefulness of mindfulness and ACT-derived interventions in improving coping, psychological flexibility, as well as adjusting towards following self-care regimes, with a need to extend such intervention models to take into account the cultural specifics of the targeted population. Conclusion: Mindfulness-informed interventions, and in particular, ACT-based intervention programs, have a potential to positively affect psychological and behavioral outcomes of T2DM illness management through mitigating distress and improving self-care and support systems.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Mindfulness, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Psychological Outcomes, Focus Group Discussion, Self-care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faiza Batool, Dr. Anila Sadaf Mubashir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
India's Missile Development and Regional Arms Control
The South Asian security landscape has been influenced by India's relentless pursuit of missile development and modernization. This research critically analyze the growing arsenal of India, its ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and new hypersonic technology. It also analyze how the missile race destabilizes the region and makes the process of arms control more complicated while also analyze the implications for Pakistan. The paper argues that India's missile development and nuclear modernization under the pretext of countering China, which inadvertently results in a reactive dynamic in Pakistan, however, India's missile range is not restricted to South Asia, which means that its prestige-oriented logic has resulted in the qualitative and quantitative improvement of its missile resources. It is this action-reaction loop that drives an arms race, undermining strategic stability, enhancing crisis instability, and escalating risks, especially in a region already defined by historical tensions and nuclear rivalry. The paper also examines how these developments pose a setback to regional arms control efforts and confidence-building efforts, which eventually contribute to South Asian insecurity. The paper, through an empirical and policy-oriented study, highlights the need for renewed dialogue and arms control measures to curb the destabilizing effects of missile competition in South Asia.
Arms Control, Hypersonic Missiles, Ballistic Missiles, MIRV, Brahmos, South Asia, Anti-Satellite
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahzad Akram, Moneeb Mir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Humanitarian Dimensions of the Islamic Law of War: The Case of Prisoners of War
This qualitative study will be trying to explore the humanitarian aspects of Islamic law of war (Siyar) regarding prisoners of war (POWs) with the help of a comparison with international humanitarian law (IHL), especially the Geneva Conventions. Based on classical Islamic jurisprudence of the four major Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali) and modern literature, this paper examines the convergence and divergence between Islamic and international legal rules involving treatment of POWs. By using a systemic analysis of primary Islamic sources, the Quran, Hadith, and works of classical jurists, and through comparing Geneva Convention III, this study finds a significant overlap in the principles of humanitarianism, and identifies methodological differences. Results indicate that the two systems have underlying similarities in their dedication to humane treatment, protection of civilians, and controlled disposal of prisoners, but these differ in the outcomes and permissible actions that can be implemented. This paper builds upon the literature of legal pluralism by showing that the classical Islamic standards of humanitarianism have directions for the modern POW protection debate. The study has important suggestions to harmonization of international law, military pedagogy in Muslim predominant countries and humanitarian interfaith dialogue.
Islamic Law of War, Prisoners of War, International Humanitarian Law, Geneva Conventions, Siyar
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Jaweed Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Efficiency of Collaborative Learning in different Class Settings
Collaborative learning has indeed been esteemed as a pedagogical pathway that strengthens the students' commitment to their work and favorable academic achievement. The present paper focuses on the divergent classroom settings in which collaborative learning takes hold and the divergent age groups and subjects involved. In the course of working through the literature and empirical studies, this paper puts forth the advantages and drawbacks that may accompany collaborative learning pedagogy. The results show that while collaborative learning is indeed effective, successful implementation relies on parameters such as classroom orientation, subject matter, and developmental level of the students. These aspects are subsequently discussed with the paper, which converses about how collaborative learning experiences can be created for better application and potential avenues for future research.
Collaborative Learning, Student Engagement, Academic Results, Class Settings, Education, Collaborative Teaching, Group Mobility
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Abdul Jalil Kahdistani, Bahramuddin Hamidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The Russian Resurgence: Strategic Objectives and Political Maneuvering in the Middle East
Middle East is a conflict hub where major powers institutionalized its role and strategies. Russian engagement in the Middle East projects its interests in the region vis a vis other major power. The study concludes that while reestablishing itself Russia has being face challenges both at domestic and international level. From the historical perspective hard power is not an option instead; Kremlin is focusing on furthering its power and position through hard and soft power projection in the Middle East. This is based on qualitative methodology for which data from multiple sources is vigorously analyzed. This study has taken its theoretical insight from Offensive Realism with The purpose of this study is to examine the complex nature of Moscow’s foreign policy through the lens of Realist theory in order to understand the origins of Russia’s resurgence. It explores the revival of Russian foreign policy following the Cold War and highlights the growing relevance of Offensive Realism and its core principles as analytical tools in this context.
Russian Resurgence, Strategies Objectives, Policies, Middle East, Major Powers, Realism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamayun Mahmood, Hanzala Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Rohingya Refugees Repatriation and Natural Disasters – A Crisis within a Crisis
The recent 7.7 magnitude earthquake in central Myanmar on March 28th has critically exacerbated the already protracted stalemate in the Rohingya repatriation process. This analysis contends that the natural disaster has diverted the Myanmar military regime's attention and resources towards internal disaster management and political stability, effectively deprioritizing the planned return of refugees. As the earthquake has intensified existing hurdles by damaging crucial infrastructure, eroding the perceived safety of Rakhine State among Rohingya in Cox's Bazar, the international aid has been redirected away from the refugee crisis. Furthermore, the regime's ongoing conflict with the Arakan Army in Rakhine and a flawed, non-inclusive repatriation framework continue to render return conditions unsafe and unsustainable. The paper concludes that the convergence of this natural catastrophe with persistent political and humanitarian failures has effectively halted repatriation prospects, placing an increasing strain on Bangladesh and necessitating an urgent, rights-based international response.
Rohingya, Rakhine, Tatmadaw, Cox's Bazar, Cyclone Nargis, Cyclone Mocha, Statelessness
Copyright (c) 2025 Kaleem Ullah, Colin Tint Lwin a.k.a Zhang Tian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Navigating Geopolitical Pressures: Minority Rights in Bangladesh’s Regional and Global Contexts
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This study investigates the dynamics of minority rights in Bangladesh, situated within regional diplomatic interference and international pressures. It concentrates on Hindu societies who live in Bangladesh, a majority Muslim country and discovers blueprints of inspirations that transnational dogmas exert on native communal associations, media exposure, and governmental reactions. This study combines a qualitative method of interviews with religious authorities, scholars, political leaders and journalists including significant content reviewing of media output, research articles, policies and non-government publications to investigate interconnections amongst external pressures, governance and societal resilience. The paper finds that even as extreme Hinduva ideas and discourses within India fashioned a sense of insecurity amongst Bangladeshi Hindus, although interfaith historical harmony is generally prevailed amongst the majority Muslims. Global powers such as Western actors and media tend to decrease the complications of socio-political realities. However, it wires Islamophobic ideas and contributes to the unsuspecting justification of global Hinduva extreme ideologies. The paper highlights the necessity to establish strong domestic legal systems, interfaith solidarity, regional diplomacy, and media reform. It posits that the ability of Bangladesh to protect minority rights, uphold secularism, and endure external forces is important not only to internal unity but also to the confidence of South Asian sovereignty.
Bangladesh, Minority Rights, Geopolitical Pressures, Global Engagements and Regional Dynamics
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Amimul Ahsan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The Role of Sociodemographic Parameters in Shaping Epistemological Beliefs among Pre-service Teachers - A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis
Epistemological beliefs (EBs) “individuals’ conceptions of knowledge acquisition” profoundly shape teaching practices, yet their development in non-Western contexts remains underexplored. This study investigates how demographic factors (gender, residence, academic maturation, and academic performance) influence talent- versus effort-oriented EBs among pre-service teachers in Pakistan, a context marked by urban-rural divides and gendered educational norms. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), data from 330 pre-service teachers revealed three key findings: urban-rural disparities and gendered socialization critically mediate EBs, with rural participants and males endorsing talent-centric views, while urban residents and females emphasized effort-driven epistemologies; academic maturation (semester level) significantly predicted effort-oriented beliefs, demonstrating the transformative role of pedagogical training; talent and effort exhibited dynamic interdependence, challenging binary EB frameworks and highlighting their coexistence in socioculturally finical contexts. Methodologically, this study contributes a culturally adapted SEM framework, validating Schommer’s (1990) theory in South Aisa particularly in Pakistan and addressing critiques of Western-centric models. Practically, the findings advocate for equity-driven reforms in teacher education, such as bridging urban-rural resource gaps and integrating reflective pedagogies to nurture educators who view knowledge as malleable. By centering sociocultural context, this research advances global EB scholarship and offers actionable strategies for fostering equitable, inquiry-based classrooms in underserved regions.
Epistemological Beliefs, Global South, Sociocultural Determinants, Structural Equation Modeling; Teacher Education, Urban-Rural Disparities
Copyright (c) 2025 Sagheer Ahmad, Afshan Naseem, Rafia Irfan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Assessing Pakistani Bank's Efficiency, A Data Envelopment Analysis Study on Post-M&As
Large-scale M&A involved in the banking sector as the primary target have been initiated by nations globally throughout the last decade of the 20th century. A merger is a corporate restructuring tactic that has a wide range of effects on the business's performance. This study analyzed the impact of M&A on the banking industry in Pakistan from 2007 to 2017, covering four years before and after (-4, +4 years) each M&As and calculated the average efficiency score for before and after merger periods. To examine the impact of merger and acquisition on bank efficiency, this study employs DEA method in R software under both CRS and VRS. Three different input and output frameworks are applied to estimate each bank technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. The results reveal a mixed impact of M&As on banks efficiency. The result reveals that few banks showed improve efficiency after M&A technique, while many banks face increased inefficiency after M&As. However, In conclusion the research findings depict that Pakistani Banks has not got any beneficial change after mergers and acquisitions (M&As).
Merger & Acquisition, Data envelopment analysis (DEA), TE, PTE, SE
Copyright (c) 2025 Rao Sabir Nawaz (勇敢) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Assessing the Quality of Teaching Methodology in Secondary School Physics: Evidence from Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Quality teaching is a cornerstone of effective education and a central determinant of students’ achievement worldwide. In developing countries such as Pakistan, science education—especially Physics—faces critical challenges due to traditional teaching methods, limited resources, and lack of professional training for teachers. This study investigates the quality of teaching methodology in Physics classrooms across public-sector secondary schools of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Drawing upon a stratified proportionate random sample of 115 principals, 139 teachers, and 800 students, data were collected through a validated questionnaire grounded in internationally recognized indicators of quality teaching. Confirmatory factor analysis established the reliability and validity of the instrument (Cronbach’s α = 0.85). Findings highlight stark differences in perceptions: while teachers rated their practices highly, both students and principals reported dissatisfaction, particularly regarding activity-based learning, student-centered pedagogy, questioning strategies, and formative assessment. The study stresses the immediate need for reforms in teacher professional training, integration of modern pedagogies, and provision of resources to align Physics teaching with constructivist and student-centered paradigms. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy makers, curriculum developers, and teacher training institutions.
Quality Teaching, Physics Education, Secondary Schools, Teaching Methodology, Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Muhammad Khan, Dr. Farkhunda Rasheed Choudhary2, Muhammad Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Youth Perspectives on Climate Crisis Awareness and Human Security: Analyzing Pakistan's Human and Economic Security Landscape
This study examines the relationship between climate awareness, economic and human security in Pakistan. The climate crisis has become a crucial topic in national security discussions, with experts and politicians stressing the urgency of taking immediate action to mitigate its effects. The National Security Policy (NSP) 2022-2026 is one of the first security documents in Pakistan to recognize the interconnectedness of human and economic security as key components of national security doctrine. In this framework, climate change is an independent variable in the realm of security, as it is causing a shift in the economic and human security framework of Pakistan. The study reveals that the youth, who make up over 48 percent of the population, recognizes the threat it poses to human and economic security in Pakistan. In this context, lack of awareness on governmental policies related to climate change, and not treating the threat of climate change as a national security issue are pertinent issues linked with the national security paradigm.
Climate Change, Human Security, Economic Security, Rising Temperature
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Maryam Azam, Dr. Yawar Hayat Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Impactism (A Proposed Purpose-Driven Alternative to Capitalism, Socialism, Communism, and Fascism)
The twentieth century witnessed the dominance of capitalism, socialism, communism, and fascism, each claiming to ensure prosperity or justice but revealing deep flaws. This paper introduces Impactism, a human-centered paradigm that places purpose and measurable impact at the core of progress. It presents a four-level framework—individual, family, business, and government. At the individual level, it emphasizes purpose as the basis of resilience and contribution. Families extend this through legacy and social engagement. Businesses are being redefined as purpose-driven enterprises that align profit with social and environmental solutions. Governments are envisioned as partners addressing inequality, climate change, fragile health systems, and digital divides. Together, these levels form a holistic model that bridges theory and practice, offering pathways for global transformation. By embedding purpose into human, social, economic, and political life, Impactism provides an integrative and future-oriented framework that guides humanity toward inclusivity, dignity, and lasting progress in the twenty-first century.
Impactism; Human-Centered Paradigm; Purpose; Four-Level Framework; Global Transformation; Lasting Progress
Copyright (c) 2025 Jibran Bashir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Assessing the Impact of English Writing Proficiency on Academic Performance: A CEFRL-Based Study of CA Students
This research article delineates the impact of writing proficiency in English on the academic performance of Chartered Accountancy students. The research study has considered the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) to assess and evaluate the data collected for this research. The participants involved were selected through the convenience sampling technique. Subsequently, the data collected has been analyzed through qualitative content analysis to ascertain the writing proficiency of students in English, as guided by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). This research finds that the students with high and intermediate levels of writing skills performed relatively better in their academics as compared to those who had a low level of writing skills. The study concludes that there is a robust relationship between writing proficiency in English and the academic performance of Chartered Accountancy students.
CEFRL, Chartered Accountancy, Academic Performance, English, Writing Proficiency
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Moiz Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Concerns of Political Parties of Pakistan in the Digital Age: Reconciliation or Fragmentation?
The present paper analyzes the digital discourse of the three leading political parties in Pakistan, including Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), during the 2024 general elections. On the one hand, analyzing communication on Facebook and Twitter through official government channels, as well as reading manifestos of political parties of the future elections in 2024, the study determines whether the digital environment promoted reconciliation or increased fragmentation in the Pakistani political world. It has been found out that all the three parties employed social media to mobilize them as well as to directly communicate with voters, yet their messaging was mostly contentious. Dev-based growth and economic recovery were the core ideas promoted by PML-N that often engaged in digital conflicts with PTI; social welfare and constitutional democracy are the main priorities of PPP and it was eager to find a compromise between criticism and unification efforts but delegitimized opponents; populist anti-corruption rhetoric and strong focus on online activities were the core concerns of PTI that most often undermined the position of rivals. Despite certain convergence in structural reforms as revealed in manifestos, the virtual debate was likely to erupt polarization. The research findings indicate that the political landscape of Pakistan in 2024 was shaping up toward polarization, but there was sectional unity which can lead to unity provided it is used as a tactical advantage.
Pakistan 2024 Elections, Digital Politics, Social Media Discourse, PML-N, PPP, PTI, Facebook, Twitter, Party Manifestos, Political Polarization, Reconciliation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeel Ahmed, Dr. Abdur Rehman Butt, Muhammad Shoaib Jamil, Dr. Muhammad Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The Zionist Settler Colonialism, Bullying and Rebellion against International Law and Human Rights in Occupied Palestine, A Legal and Political Perspective
This study examines some central questions. Like, it asks whether Zionist Israeli Bullying and Rebellion against International Law and Human Rights in Occupied Palestine. The study examines the question raised by the implications arising from a finding of illegal occupation and Zionist violations of international law in Palestine and other occupied territories. What is the concept of bullying in international relations? And what is the UN Resolution on the Creation of Zionism in Arab Palestine? In international relations, the concept of "bullying" refers to the potential threats or rights violations carried out by a state, usually against weaker states. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing bullying behavior in international relations that can potentially contribute to the identification of bullying when it takes place, and that can be utilized for both descriptive and prescriptive purposes. Although this paper introduces an analytical framework, it is not entirely an academic exercise because it has important policy implications. The roots of the Israel-Palestine conflict are grounded in the desire of the Zionist movement to establish a Jewish national home in Palestine through Jewish colonization against the will of the indigenous Arab population. The following segments of this paper highlight the aims of the Zionist movement and obstacles in their way, actions taken to establish a Jewish state, and human rights violations by the Israelis during various armed encounters with the assistance of international law.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Mohammad Salim Al-Rawashdeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Examining the Role of AI-Based Conversation in Enhancing English Speaking Practice among Non-Native Learners
This study investigates how AI-powered conversational tools can enhance the practice of non-native English speakers speaking the language. Knowing how artificial intelligence affects the development of spoken language is essential as technology integrates more into language learning contexts. The main objective of this study is to investigate how students perceive and interact with AI-powered conversation technologies, including chatbots, voice-driven assistants, and dialogue-based applications. A qualitative study approach was used, and 10 undergraduate EFL students who often use AI conversational tools participated in semi-structured interviews. Key themes and patterns in their feedback were found using thematic analysis. The results showed that AI tools enhanced learners' confidence in spoken English, encouraged learner autonomy, and offered a relaxed speaking practice environment. Nevertheless, participants also pointed up negative aspects, such as the robotic character of artificial intelligence responses and the superficial nature of discussions regarding culture or emotion. The study determines the conclusion that, although AI-based conversation tools cannot replace human connection, they can serve as helpful tools to assist language learners in becoming more fluent speakers and less nervous. The findings have consequences for curriculum designers, educational technology developers, and instructors of languages who want to incorporate AI into English language courses effectively. By showcasing learner attitudes, this investigation improves the pedagogical application of conversational artificial intelligence in EFL contexts and adds to the expanding discipline of AI-assisted language acquisition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samma Ishfaque, Dr. Ishfaque Ali Kalhoro, Dr. Syed Hyder Raza Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Awareness of Disability among General Education Teachers: A Study in the Schools of District Gilgit
This study investigates the awareness of disabilities among general education teachers in the district of Gilgit, Pakistan, with a focus on their knowledge of disability types, inclusive teaching strategies, and related policies. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 103 teachers selected through simple random sampling. A Likert-scale questionnaire was employed, and responses were analyzed using SPSS to examine patterns across demographic variables such as gender, qualifications, and urban–rural differences. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated low to moderate levels of awareness in all three domains. While some awareness was observed regarding the broader developmental impacts of disabilities, significant gaps remained in identifying specific impairments, adapting lesson plans, and understanding policy frameworks. Gender differences showed male teachers reporting higher awareness of disability types, while urban teachers displayed significantly greater awareness than their rural colleagues across all areas. Academic qualifications, however, did not show a meaningful impact on awareness levels. These results highlight the urgent need for targeted professional development, policy orientation sessions, and resource support, particularly for rural teachers. The study concludes that improving teacher preparedness is essential for effective implementation of inclusive education in under-resourced contexts such as district Gilgit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hadi Haideri, Waseem Abbas, Farhana, Nadia Khatoon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Pakistan – Saudi Arabia Relations: A Study of Economic Ties (2000-2022)
This study examines the economic dimensions of Pakistan-Saudi Arabian ties from 2000 to 2022, focusing on bilateral trade, financial assistance, foreign investment, labour migration, and remittances. It assesses the strategic significance of the Gulf region for Pakistan and examines the impact of political changes on economic collaboration. The research, utilizing a qualitative methodology based on Liberalism Theory, suggests that economic participation has been cyclical, driven more by immediate crises and political alignment than by long-term strategic planning. Saudi Arabia has sponsored millions of Pakistani workers and provided essential financial assistance; nonetheless, the connection remains predominantly unstructured and underexploited for long-term investment and diverse trade. The document delineates policy conflicts, missed opportunities, and institutional deficiencies that obstruct enhanced economic integration. To enhance strong and balanced economic cooperation between the two nations, it concludes by advocating for institutionalized collaboration, trade diversification, skilled labour exports, and policy continuity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasr Ullah, Muhammad Zakria, Khubaib Ali, Furqan Rawan, Abdul Wahid, Asad Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Domination by Design: The Weaponization of Architecture and Urban Planning by the Israel Defense Forces
This paper inspects how the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the broader Israeli planning system have scientifically weaponized architecture and urban planning to uphold control over Palestinian territories, suppress resistance, and instill fear. Drawing on the frameworks of militarized urbanism and urban warfare theory, the study analyses spatial strategies including settlement design, bypass road networks, the construction of the separation wall, and the development of Urban Warfare Training Centres ('Fake Cities'). Data from field reports, academic literature, and primary evidence drawn from urban warfare doctrines (for example, the work of Shimon Naveh) reveal that the IDF deliberately integrates the built environment into its military strategy. Tactics such as penetrating homes by making holes in walls, fragmenting Palestinian communities with 60-foot-high walls, or training in simulated Muslim cities with Masjids and marketplaces, all demonstrate that architecture itself is transformed into an active weapon of domination. The findings suggest that these spatial practices constitute a form of psychological warfare aimed at breaking down social cohesion and producing long-lasting fear and uncertainty. The paper advocates for a human-centered, rights-based approach to replacing these structures of fear and promoting peace.
Israel Defense Forces, Urban Warfare Training Centers, Weaponization of Architecture, Domination, Militarized Urbanism, 'Fake Cities
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamran Ahmad, Gul-E-Zahra Azhar, Muhammad Irfan Imran, Shahid Mahmood, Umer Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump’s 2025 Inaugural Address as the 45TH President of United States of America
The study investigates the “Inaugural Address” of Donald Trump in his second inauguration ceremony on 20, January, 2025 to explore the ideological stance of the president. It applied Norman Fairclough’s (2015) three dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), highlighting the impression markers such as pronouns, model verbs, repetition and parallelism to explore Trump’s ideological stance of crisis and renewal of America. His speech opposes the progressive values such as immigration reform and gender diversity and gives emphasis to the reformation of national security, economic strength and sovereignty of the country through the lens of populist and conservative ideologies. To him, these will overcome the crisis of the country and he is the sole leader who can bring such reforms. The speech portrays persuasive rhetoric strategies which frames Trump as the national savoir amidst the crisis. It reveals the strategic use of language in political speeches reinforcing nationalistic discourse and contradictory ideologies are disregarded.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Abdul Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
The Study of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems and Their Impact on Organizational Performance
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems are among the essential tools for organizations aiming to improve organizational performance, maintain competitiveness in business environments, identify critical success factors, and adapt to today’s dynamic conditions. CRM systems are designed to simplify and manage interactions with current and potential customers by providing information about customer behavior, enabling organizations to tailor their products and services according to market needs. Customer loyalty is an important driver for long-term business success. Maintaining loyalty in a competitive market, where customers have multiple options, has become increasingly challenging. To achieve their goals, organizations consider strategies such as personalized marketing, loyalty programs, and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems. As competition to attract customers intensifies, CRM is recognized as a key factor for operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, marketing effectiveness, sales efficiency, and customer retention, ultimately leading to commercial success in organizations and enterprises. Achieving these goals requires investment in employee training and engagement, initiative leadership, change management, and leveraging technology to enhance CRM capabilities and emerging technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmadullah Esmat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impacts of 9/11 on the Foreign Policy of Pakistan
This study aims at describing and analysing the impacts of 9/11 incident on Pakistan Foreign Policy that occurred in USA. Pakistan from its very inception always inclined towards the super powers especially USA for its security challenges. The USA has a strong influence on the foreign policy of Pakistan. The incident of 9/11 affected Pakistan severely and Pakistan revised its foreign policy objectives as advised by the USA. The country went against Taliban in the favor of USA despite the fact that it was among those countries who recognized the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan became a frontline state due to USA pressure in the war against terrorism. This shift in the foreign policy of Pakistan provided short-term benefits but had heinous impacts on the overall foreign policy of Pakistan. The posing capacity of the right to self-determination on Kashmir declined due to the hatred created by media against terrorism. The presence of terrorists on Pak-Afghan border created concerns at international level that they might reach and take the nukes of Pakistan. Due to the presence of USA in Afghanistan, the sovereignty of Pakistan compromised due to drone attacks on the territory of Pakistan. In spite, the fact that Pakistan was a major non-NATO ally but the USA and India blamed Pakistan for supporting Taliban, so the international status of Pakistan declined. In view of all these developments, this study summarized that 9/11 incident weakened Pakistan at every level especially at international for which Pakistan’s government struggled hard to recreate a better position in the comity of nations. This study uses qualitative research design and analyzes the impacts of 9/11 incident on the foreign policy of Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maaz Ullah, Muhammad Sultan, Asad Ullah, Asad Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hindutva and Zionism: Parallel Nationalist Ideologies and the Global Fallout of Religious Supremacism in South Asia and the Middle East
This paper examines the similar paths of Hindutva in India and Zionism in Israel as the successful ethno-religious nationalism models that promote internal control and regional turmoil. With a reliance on the setting of recent hotspot surrounding of the and May 2025 India Pakistan and the June 2025 Iran Israel, the study investigates what happens when state-sponsored religious supremacism facilitates the transformation of domestic politics, the oppression of minority groups, and the international confrontation. A comparative qualitative analysis pursued by the paper addresses ideological and strategic similarities between the two states, evaluates the reaction of key world political players and questions the reduced form of pluralistic democracies. The implications of the findings lie in the highlight they give to the effect of spreading the danger of religiously centered nationalism in the international arena in case it is institutionalized in the state policy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Rizwan Haider Bukhari, Dr. Ghulam Mujaddid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Formative Years of Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan (A Former Chief Minister): An Exploration of His Early Political Journey
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, an influential leader from the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), played a crucial role in the political scene of both British India and subsequently Pakistan. Born in 1901 in the Pashtun tribal areas, his political path commenced during British colonial dominance, and his career was greatly influenced by his educational experiences and increasing awareness of regional socio-political challenges. Khan originally became a member of the Indian National Congress but later changed his loyalty to the Muslim League, where he significantly contributed to the movement for an independent Pakistan. This change signified his tactical move from advocating for a united India to promoting the establishment of Pakistan. The research emphasizes his skill in linking Pashtun nationalist goals with the larger political movements in British India. It explores his initial activism, highlighting his backing for regional self-governance, tackling economic issues in the NWFP, and building important partnerships with other prominent political leaders. Through the analysis of primary sources such as speeches, personal correspondence, and historical narratives, the paper assesses how his early political endeavors established the groundwork for his subsequent impact on Pakistan’s political structure. This study enhances our comprehension of Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan’s initial career, illuminating the influence of regional leaders in molding Pakistan’s political path.
British Indian, Early Political Carrier, Indian National Congress, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, Muslim League, NWFP, Pakistan Movement, Pashtun Nationalism, Political Leadership
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Muhammad Khalid, Riasat Khan, Muhammad Yasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Peaceful Dispositions Built-in English Language Textbook and Teachers’ Guide at the Elementary School Level in Pakistan
In many countries, school curricula have been seen and used as a source of indoctrination for specific theoretical and ideological beliefs in the next generations. In Pakistan, many research studies during the late twentieth century informed that textbooks were being used for the indoctrination of war-based ideological beliefs as well as some content was found to be hateful to other cultures. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the curriculum planning wing of the Central Ministry of Education in Pakistan adopted the UNESCO framework for including peace education in mainstream school curricula. In recent years, elementary school textbooks and teachers’ guides were redesigned, and new content was developed for all public and private schools. In past twenty years curriculum has been revised extensively and deeply. The centralized approach to curriculum development raised questions and critiques. This article is based on one part of the larger study of peace education in public schools of Pakistan. Content analysis of textbooks for grade five was prepared using the UNESCO framework, and interviews were conducted with the reviewers and critics. This article presents an analysis of the English textbook and teachers’ guide. Peace themes are undoubtedly found with identified gaps and the critics raised some significant points of concern.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afshan Huma, Sidra Rizwan, Samina Nassem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0