International Journal of Politics & Social Sciences Review (IJPSSR)

Impacts of 9/11 on the Foreign Policy of Pakistan

Maaz Ullah, Muhammad Sultan, Asad Ullah, Asad Ullah — Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims at describing and analysing the impacts of 9/11 incident on Pakistan Foreign Policy that occurred in USA. Pakistan from its very inception always inclined towards the super powers especially USA for its security challenges. The USA has a strong influence on the foreign policy of Pakistan. The incident of 9/11 affected Pakistan severely and Pakistan revised its foreign policy objectives as advised by the USA. The country went against Taliban in the favor of USA despite the fact that it was among those countries who recognized the Taliban government in Afghanistan. Pakistan became a frontline state due to USA pressure in the war against terrorism. This shift in the foreign policy of Pakistan provided short-term benefits but had heinous impacts on the overall foreign policy of Pakistan. The posing capacity of the right to self-determination on Kashmir declined due to the hatred created by media against terrorism. The presence of terrorists on Pak-Afghan border created concerns at international level that they might reach and take the nukes of Pakistan. Due to the presence of USA in Afghanistan, the sovereignty of Pakistan compromised due to drone attacks on the territory of Pakistan. In spite, the fact that Pakistan was a major non-NATO ally but the USA and India blamed Pakistan for supporting Taliban, so the international status of Pakistan declined. In view of all these developments, this study summarized that 9/11 incident weakened Pakistan at every level especially at international for which Pakistan’s government struggled hard to recreate a better position in the comity of nations. This study uses qualitative research design and analyzes the impacts of 9/11 incident on the foreign policy of Pakistan.

The Study of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems and Their Impact on Organizational Performance

Ahmadullah Esmat — Tue, 08 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems are among the essential tools for organizations aiming to improve organizational performance, maintain competitiveness in business environments, identify critical success factors, and adapt to today’s dynamic conditions. CRM systems are designed to simplify and manage interactions with current and potential customers by providing information about customer behavior, enabling organizations to tailor their products and services according to market needs.

Customer loyalty is an important driver for long-term business success. Maintaining loyalty in a competitive market, where customers have multiple options, has become increasingly challenging. To achieve their goals, organizations consider strategies such as personalized marketing, loyalty programs, and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems.

As competition to attract customers intensifies, CRM is recognized as a key factor for operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, marketing effectiveness, sales efficiency, and customer retention, ultimately leading to commercial success in organizations and enterprises. Achieving these goals requires investment in employee training and engagement, initiative leadership, change management, and leveraging technology to enhance CRM capabilities and emerging technologies.

Domination by Design: The Weaponization of Architecture and Urban Planning by the Israel Defense Forces

Fri, 08 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper inspects how the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the broader Israeli planning system have scientifically weaponized architecture and urban planning to uphold control over Palestinian territories, suppress resistance, and instill fear. Drawing on the frameworks of militarized urbanism and urban warfare theory, the study analyses spatial strategies including settlement design, bypass road networks, the construction of the separation wall, and the development of Urban Warfare Training Centres ('Fake Cities'). Data from field reports, academic literature, and primary evidence drawn from urban warfare doctrines (for example, the work of Shimon Naveh) reveal that the IDF deliberately integrates the built environment into its military strategy. Tactics such as penetrating homes by making holes in walls, fragmenting Palestinian communities with 60-foot-high walls, or training in simulated Muslim cities with Masjids and marketplaces, all demonstrate that architecture itself is transformed into an active weapon of domination. The findings suggest that these spatial practices constitute a form of psychological warfare aimed at breaking down social cohesion and producing long-lasting fear and uncertainty. The paper advocates for a human-centered, rights-based approach to replacing these structures of fear and promoting peace.