Critical Review of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model: Applications and Implications in Offender Rehabilitation

Abstract

This study critically evaluates the applications of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model within rehabilitation settings, focusing on its role in reducing recidivism.  As a fundamental concept in correctional psychology, the RNR model addresses the offenders' risk levels, criminogenic needs, and specific responsivity factors that are essential in reducing recidivism. A systematic review of studies published from 2018 onwards was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the RNR model across various settings, identifying its strengths, limitations, and areas for improvement. Findings indicate that the RNR model is generally effective in lowering recidivism rates and facilitating offender reintegration. However, challenges such as limited resources, inadequate practitioner training, and the need for enhanced collaborative treatment approaches were also reported. The study examines recent trends and adjustments to the RNR framework aimed at enhancing its efficacy in contemporary rehabilitation practices. Based on the findings, recommendations for future research and practice are proposed to further improve the RNR model’s impact on offender rehabilitation and reintegration.